Topic: Mineral Resources
Exercise Questions
Q.1. How would you differentiate between metallic and non-metallic
minerals?
Ans. Metallic
Minerals:
- An
element that reflects light (is shiny).
- Metallic
mineral re those minerals which can be melted to obtain new products.
- Iron,
cooper, bauxite, tin, manganese are some examples.
- These
are generally associated with igneous rocks.
- They
are usually hard and have shines or lustre of their own.
- They
are ductile and malleable.
- When
hit, they do not get broken.
Non-Metallic
Minerals:
- An
element that does not reflect light (not shiny).
- Non-metallic
minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting.
- Coal,
salt, clay, marble are some examples.
- These
are generally associated with sedimentary rocks.
- They are not so hard and have no shine or lustre
of their own.
- They
are not ductile and malleable.
- When
hit, they may get broken into pieces.
Q.2.
a)
Name four non-metallic minerals (other than coal) which are mined
in Pakistan.
Ans.
i.
Limestone
ii.
Marble
iii.
Rock salt
iv.
Gypsum
b)
For each of the minerals you have named in (a) describe its uses
in Pakistan.
Ans.
i.
Limestone is mainly used in
cement making. It is also used in iron and steel industry, and in manufacture
of bleaching powder, glass, paper and paints.
ii.
Marble is used in house
buildings.
iii.
Rock salt is used in cooking
tanning and leather industry and in making different kind of sodas.
iv.
Gypsum is used in cement
industry and in making plaster of paris and papermaking.
c)
State the meaning of the terms “Mineral exploration” and “Mineral
extraction”.
Ans.Mineral Exploration means searching out of minerals. This is
also called prospecting. Mineral Extraction means working and taking out the
minerals from the mines.
d)
Describe the measures and policies which have been introduced in
Pakistan to promote the exploration for and the exploitation of Minerals.
Ans. Soon after the partition the department of Geological survey of
Pakistan was opened. It did very useful work in searching out and locating
workable mineral deposits in the country. In 1961 Oil and Gas Corporation of
Pakistan was established to explore, develop, produce, refine and sell oil and gas.
For speedy development Pakistan Mineral Corporation was established in
1974.Resource development corporation was founded to develop Saindak Copper
deposits of Baluchistan. Gemstone corporation of Pakistan was formed in
1979.Provincial Mineral development Corporations were formed in each province
to develop the mineral resources of the province. Government of Pakistan seeks
the collaboration of mining companies of foreign countries for the development
and exploitation of mineral resources.
Q.13.What are the various effects of mining?
Ans.The various effects of mining are:
- Vegetation
cut down resulting in soil exposure.
- Natural
landscape deformed due to construction of roads and miners’ houses
- Rock
blasting and digging of earth.
- Noise
pollution and ground vibration from blasting.
- Traditional
mining methods are dangerous for the health of miners.
- Land
pollution due to mining waste.
- Water
supply polluted from mineral waste.
- Air
pollution from dust and smoke.
Q.3. (a) Study the map Fig.5-A which, shows the distribution in
Pakistan of deposits of three minerals.
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Questions &Answers
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- ii1
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Which of the minerals has most widespread deposits?
Ans.Limestone
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- 2
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Which of the minerals has the deposits only towards the North of
Pakistan?
Ans.Rock
salt
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- 3
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Name one source of limestone that has led to the development of
a cement factory at Karachi.
Ans.
Manghopir Hills and Murli Hills near Karachi
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- 4
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Name one source of limestone that has enabled a cement factory
to be built at Hyderabad.
Ans.
Ganjo Takar Hills of limestone near Hyderabad.
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V.Explain your choices in
(iii) and (iv).
Ans. Limestone is the basic raw material
for cement making. Since limestone is a heavy and bulky commodity; it becomes
uneconomical if transported over long distances. Therefore cement factories are
built very close to the source of limestone. The Manghopir Hills in the
vicinity of Karachi and Ganjo Takar Hills near Hyderabad are providing raw
material for cement factories.
Q.3. (b) Why is the extraction of limestone so important to
industry and agriculture in Pakistan?
Ans. Limestone is found at many places
in all four provinces of Pakistan. It is the chief raw material for cement making.
It is also used in manufacturing of Lime, bleaching powder, glass soap, paper
and paints. Limestone is also used as flux in iron and steel industry.
Limestone is an important building material also. It is widely used in building
of roads. In agriculture Limestone is used as fertilizer and to reduce salinity.
Lime solution is painted on fruit tree trunks for protection against pests and
termites.Indirectly, cement is used in building of dams and to line canals
which helps agriculture.
Q.3. (c)
- Look at Fig 5-A
and name one gypsum deposit in the Salt Range.
Ans. Khewra (also Dandot and Daudkhel)
- State one use for
gypsum.
Ans. Gypsum is used in cement making. It
is also used in making of plaster of paris, paint, paper and rubber industries.
- In what ways is
rock salt important to industry and to people?
Ans. Rock salt is used in food industry.
It is used as preservatives. Leather industry also uses much salt. Salt is used
in chemical industry for the manufacture of different kinds of sodas such as
caustic soda, washing soda and bi-carbonate of soda. These are widely used in
textile industry, tanning and laundries. Pakistan is not only elf-sufficient,
but also exports salt to nearby countries.Rocksalt is used in cooking and preservatives.
Mining of rock salt provides employment to people.
Q.3. (d)
- Name one other
non-metallic mineral extracted in Pakistan.
Ans. Marble. (Also coal, oil, gas, china
–clay, sulphur).
- How does the
production of non-metallic minerals in Pakistan help its economy?
Ans. Pakistan has vast deposits of some
important non-metallic minerals such as rock salt, limestone, gypsum, marble
and china-clay.Coal, oil and gas are also non-metallic minerals. All these
minerals are important for the economy of Pakistan. Rock salt and marble are exported
and bring foreign exchange to Pakistan. Many of these minerals are raw material
for industries. The progress in cement industry and chemical industry are
because of deposits of rock salt and limestone. Coal, oil and gas are also
important because their production helps to reduce the import of fuels. Gas has
been especially very helpful in the progress of Pakistan economy .Its
production has saved much foreign exchange. Gas is used in many industries,
fertilizer industry and power generation. Coal is used in brick kilns and for
power generation.
Additional Questions:
Q.1.Name three ways by which coal is mined.
Ans.Three methods of coal mining are:
- Strip
or open cast mining
- Adit
mining
- Shaft
mining
Q.2.Why is coal produced in Pakistan described as low quality?
Ans. Pakistan’s caol is of low
quality.It is lignite caol.It is low in carbon content,high in sulphur content
and has impurities.It burns of quickly and does not produce high temperature.It
gives out much smoke and produces much ash.Therefore Pakistani coal is of low
quality.
Q.3.Name the two main raw materials quarried in Pakistan that are
used to make cement.
Ans. Limestone and Gypsum.
Q.4.Describe the distribution of Limestone extraction in Pakistan.
Ans. Limestone is widely distributed in
Pakistan.It is found in abundance in all four provinces.In Punjab Limestone is
found in the Potwar plateau and salt range mainly near
khewra,Dandot,dandkhel,Rawalpindi and D.G Khan.In Khyber pakhtoonkhwa limestone
is found near Nowshera and Kohat.In Baluchistan it is found in Harnai.In Sindh
Limestone is found at Kot Deji Hills near Rohri in upper sindh,at Ganjo takkar
Hills near Hyderabad, at Mangopir and Murli Hills near Karachi.
Q.5.Limestone and rock salt are both called “bulky goods”. What is
the cheapest form of transport for these goods?
Ans. Rail Transport and Trucks.
Q.6.Why is the supply of limestone to most areas likely to be
cheaper than rock salt?
Ans. Cement factories are located very
close to the source of limestone and it is a low value commodity as compared to
rock salt which is high value commodity and is supplied all over the
country.Therefore,the supply of limestone is likely to be cheaper than that of
rock salt.
Q.7.What is a mixture of Rock salt and water called?
Ans. Brine and it is used in chemical
industry.
Q.8.What is rock salt used for in Pakistan?
Ans. Rock salt is used in food in Pakistan.
It is also used as preservative in leather industry, and for manufacture of
different kinds of sodas such as soda ash, washing soda and caustic soda.
Q.9.How are minerals formed?
Ans. There are four ways that minerals can be formed. From molten rock,
from solution, within living cells and by recrystallization.
Q.10.What
are the various methods of Mining?
Ans.There are two main methods of Mining.
1-Open-cast Mining : Open-pit mining,
open-cut mining
or
opencast mining is a surface
mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal
from an open pit or borrow.
2-Underground Mining:
There are two types of underground mining.
i.
Adit Mining: An adit is an opening or
passage.Adit mining is done in hilly districts where a mineral seam is exposed
on a hill side.
ii.
Shaft Mining: Vertical shafts are dug down to
the minerals, especially for coal. Tunnels are then dug horizontally to the
layers or seams of the minerals which is then removed through the tunnels. This
method is expensive and can be dangerous.
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